Associate Professor Paul Dargusch
Associate Professor
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences
+61 7 336 51594
Steele Building (3), Room 301A
Researcher biography
My primary research interest is in the political economy of climate change mitigation, and the implications for how organisations develop strategies and capacity to manage carbon emissions and enhance their corporate legitimacy and resilience. I am particularly interested in how we can facilitate the development of climate mitigation activities that support sustainable management of forest and marine ecosystems, and the interplay between carbon markets, food security and energy systems. My research has been funded through grants from the Australian Research Council (www.arc.gov.au) , the World Bank (www.worldbank.org) and the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (www.aciar.gov.au) (totalling more than US$3 million 2012 to 2015). I teach courses on carbon and energy management, and sustainable business practice. Courses offered at the University of Queensland include ENVM3524 (Business Management in a Carbon Constrained World), ENVM2522/7524 (Carbon and Energy Management) and ENVM3525 (Sustainable Business Practice). In my teaching I am particularly interested in the application of simulation games as learning tools to better understand and manage major issues of global change. I have developed an workshop based on-line game called the 'Carbon Game' that simulates an emissions trading scheme in a fictitious country called Tasland. More information on my research and teaching can be found at www.carbonlab.com.au.
Publications
Book
Dargusch, Paul Environmentalism and woodchip exports. Noosa Heads, QLD, Australia: Radge Publishing, 2013.
Journal Articles
Dohong, Alue , Abdul Aziz, Ammar and Dargusch, Paul (2018) A review of techniques for Effective Tropical Peatland Restoration. Wetlands, . doi:10.1007/s13157-018-1017-6
Robb, Samuel and Dargusch, Paul (2018) A financial analysis and life-cycle carbon emissions assessment of oil palm waster biochar exports from Indonesia for use in Australian broad-acre agriculture. Carbon Management, . doi:10.1080/17583004.2018.1435958
McAlpine, Clive Alexander, Johnson, Alex, Salazar, Alvaro, Syktus, Jozef I., Wilson, Kerrie, Meijaard, Erik, Seabrook, Leonie M., Dargusch, Paul, Nordin, Haziq and Sheil, Douglas (2018) Forest loss and Boreno's climate. Environmental Research Letters, . doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aaa4ff
Hansson, Amanda and Dargusch, Paul (2018) An estimate of the financial cost of peatland restoration in Indonesia. Case Studies in the Environment, . doi:10.1525/cse.2017.000695
Chandra, Alvin, McNamara, Karen and Dargusch, Paul (2018) Climate-smart agriculture: perspectives and framings. Climate Policy, 18 4: 526-541. doi:10.1080/14693062.2017.1316968
Rochecouste, Jean-Francois, Dargusch, Paul and King, Christine (2017) Farmer perceptions of the opportunities and constraints to producing carbon offsets from Australian dryland grain cropping farms. Australasian Journal of Environmental Management, 24 4: 441-452. doi:10.1080/14486563.2017.1379037
Dohong, Alue, Aziz, Ammar Abdul and Dargusch, Paul (2017) A review of the drivers of tropical peatland degradation in South-East Asia. Land Use Policy, 69 349-360. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.09.035
Agnew, Scott, Smith, Carl and Dargusch, Paul (2017) Causal loop modelling of residential solar and battery adoption dynamics: a case study of Queensland, Australia. Journal of Cleaner Production, . doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.174
Chandra, Alvin, Dargusch, Paul, McNamara, Karen E., Caspe, Ana Maria and Dalabajan, Dante (2017) A study of climate-smart farming practices and climate resiliency field schools in Mindanao the Philippines. World Development, 98 214-230. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.04.028
Dargusch, Paul (2017) China must lead on emissions trading. Science, 357 6356: 1106-1107. doi:10.1126/science.aap7960
Hansson, Amanda and Dargusch, Paul (2017) Re: Unsustainable development pathways caused by deforestation [e-letter]. Science Advances, 3 7: . doi:10.1126/sciadv.1602602
Yin, Kwong-sang, Ward, Adrian, Dargusch, Paul and Halog, Anthony (2017) The cost of abatement options to reduce carbon emissions from Australian international flights. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, . doi:10.1080/15568318.2017.1341575
Medrilzam, Medrilzam, Smith, Carl, Aziz, Ammar Abdul, Herbohn, John and Dargusch, Paul (2017) Smallholder farmers and the dynamics of degradation of peatland ecosystems in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Ecological Economics, 136 101-113. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.02.017
Ward, Adrian, Yin, Kwong-sang, Dargusch, Paul, Fulton, Elizabeth A. and Abdul Aziz, Ammar (2017) The impact of land use change on carbon stored in mountain grasslands and shrublands. Ecological Economics, 135 114-124. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.12.023
Nguyen, Hoang Huu, Dargusch, Paul, Moss, Patrick and Abdul Aziz, Ammar (2017) Land-use change and socio-ecological drivers of wetland conversion in Ha Tien Plain, Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Land Use Policy, 64 101-113. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.02.019
Chandra, Alvin, McNamara, Karen E., Dargusch, Paul, Caspe, Ana Maria and Dalabajan, Dante (2017) Gendered vulnerabilities of smallholder farmers to climate change in conflict-prone areas: a case study from Mindanao, Philippines. Journal of Rural Studies, 50 45-59. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.12.011
Chandra, Alvin, McNamara, Karen and Dargusch, Paul (2017) The relevance of political ecology perspectives for smallholder Climate-Smart Agriculture: a review. Journal of Political Ecology, 24 821-942.
Abdul Aziz, Ammar, Thomas, Sebastian, Dargusch, Paul and Phinn, Stuart (2016) Assessing the potential of REDD+ in a production mangrove forest in Malaysia using stakeholder analysis and ecosystem services mapping. Marine Policy, 74 6-17. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2016.09.013
Agnew, Scott and Dargusch, Paul (2016) Consumer preferences for household-level battery energy storage. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75 609-617. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.030
Tran, Da B. and Dargusch, Paul (2016) Melaleuca forests in Australia have globally significant carbon stocks. Forest Ecology and Management, 375 230-237. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2016.05.028
Ilman, Muhammad, Dargusch, Paul, Dart, Peter and Onrizal (2016) A historical analysis of the drivers of loss and degradation of Indonesia's mangroves. Land Use Policy, 54 448-459. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.03.010
Yin, Kwong-sang, Dargusch, Paul and Halog, Anthony (2016) A study of the abatement options available to reduce carbon emissions from Australian international flights. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 10 10: 935-946. doi:10.1080/15568318.2016.1190882
Huu Nguyen, Hoang, Dargusch, Paul, Moss, Patrick and Tran, Da Binh (2016) A review of the drivers of 200 years of wetland degradation in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Regional Environmental Change, 1-13. doi:10.1007/s10113-016-0941-3
Chandra, Alvin, Dargusch, Paul and McNamara, Karen E. (2016) How might adaptation to climate change by smallholder farming communities contribute to climate change mitigation outcomes? A case study from Timor-Leste, Southeast Asia. Sustainability Science, 11 3: 477-492. doi:10.1007/s11625-016-0361-9
Chandra, Alvin, McNamara, Karen E., Dargusch, Paul, Damen, Beau, Rioux, Janie, Dallinger, Jonas and Bacudo, Imelda (2016) Resolving the UNFCCC divide on climate-smart agriculture. Carbon Management, 7 5: 295-299. doi:10.1080/17583004.2016.1235420
Abdul Aziz, Ammar, Dargusch, Paul, Phinn, Stuart and Ward, Adrian (2015) Using REDD+ to balance timber production with conservation objectives in a mangrove forest in Malaysia. Ecological Economics, 120 108-116. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.10.014
Abdul Aziz, Ammar, Phinn, Stuart, Dargusch, Paul, Omar, Hamdan and Arjasakusuma, Sanjiwana (2015) Assessing the potential applications of Landsat image archive in the ecological monitoring and management of a production mangrove forest in Malaysia. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 23 6: 1049-1066. doi:10.1007/s11273-015-9443-1
Abdul Aziz, Ammar, Phinn, Stuart and Dargusch, Paul (2015) Investigating the decline of ecosystem services in a production mangrove forest using Landsat and object-based image analysis. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 164 353-366. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2015.07.047
Visser, Francois, Dargusch, Paul, Smith, Carl and Grace, Peter R. (2015) Application of the Crop Carbon Progress Calculator (CCAP) in a 'farm to ship' cotton production case study in Australia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 103 675-684. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.093
Yin, Kwong-Sang, Dargusch, Paul and Halog, Aanthony (2015) An analysis of the greenhouse gas emissions profile of airlines flying the Australian international market. Journal of Air Transport Management, 47 218-229. doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2015.06.005
Tran, Da B, Hoang, Tho V and Dargusch, Paul (2015) An assessment of the carbon stocks and sodicity tolerance of disturbed Melaleuca forests in Southern Vietnam. Carbon Balance and Management, 10 15: . doi:10.1186/s13021-015-0025-6
Burtt, D and Dargusch, P (2015) The cost-effectiveness of household photovoltaic systems in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Australia: Linking subsidies with emission reductions. Applied Energy, 148 439-448. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.03.091
Ward, Adrian, Dargusch, Paul, Grussu, Giorgio and Romeo, Rosalaura (2015) Using carbon finance to support climate policy objectives in high mountain ecosystems. Climate Policy, 1-20. doi:10.1080/14693062.2015.1046413
Rochecouste, Jean-Francois, Dargusch, Paul, Cameron, Donald and Smith, Carl (2015) An analysis of the socio-economic factors influencing the adoption of conservation agriculture as a climate change mitigation activity in Australian dryland grain production. Agricultural Systems, 135 20-30. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2014.12.002
Agnew, Scott and Dargusch, Paul (2015) Effect of residential solar and storage on centralized electricity supply systems. Nature Climate Change, 5 4: 315-318. doi:10.1038/nclimate2523
Ward, Adrian, Dargusch, Paul, Thomas, Sebastian, Liu, Yan and Fulton, Elizabeth A. (2014) A global estimate of carbon stored in the world's mountain grasslands and shrublands, and the implications for climate policy. Global Environmental Change, 28 1: 14-24. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.05.008
Visser, Francois, Dargusch, Paul, Smith, Carl and Grace, Peter R. (2014) A comparative analysis of relevant crop carbon footprint calculators, with reference to cotton production in Australia. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 38 8: 962-992. doi:10.1080/21683565.2014.923799
Ammar, A. A., Dargusch, P. and Shamsudin, I. (2014) Can the Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve provide perfect teething ground for a blue carbon based REDD+ pilot project?. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 26 3: 371-381.
Medrilzam, Medrilzam, Dargusch, Paul, Herbohn, John and Smith, Carl (2014) The socio-ecological drivers of forest degradation in part of the tropical peatlands of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Forestry, 87 2: 335-345. doi:10.1093/forestry/cpt033
Wade, B., Dargusch, P. and Griffiths, A. (2014) Defining best practice carbon management in an Australian context. Australasian Journal of Environmental Management, 21 1: 52-64. doi:10.1080/14486563.2013.841597
Grussu, G., Attorre, F., Mollicone, D., Dargusch, P., Guillet, A. and Marchetti, M. (2014) Implementing REDD+ in Papua New Guinea: can biodiversity indicators be effectively integrated in PNG's National Forest Inventory?. Plant Biosystems, 148 3: 519-528. doi:10.1080/11263504.2014.900131
Tran, Da B., Dargusch, Paul, Herbohn, John and Moss, Patrick (2013) Interventions to better manage the carbon stocks in Australian Melaleuca forests. Land Use Policy, 35 417-420. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.04.018
Tran, Da B., Dargusch, Paul, Moss, Patrick and Hoang, Tho V. (2013) An assessment of potential responses of Melaleuca genus to global climate change. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 18 6: 851-867. doi:10.1007/s11027-012-9394-2
Agnew, Scott and Dargusch, Paul J. (2013) Correspondence: Australia's falling emissions. Nature Climate Change, 3 6: 527-527. doi:10.1038/nclimate1885
Dargusch, Paul (2012) NextGen speaks. Science, 338 6103: 40-40. doi:10.1126/science.338.6103.40
Byrom, Stephanie, Thomas, Sebastian and Dargusch, Paul (2012) Millennium development goals and clean development: synergies in the Pacific. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 19 1: 33-44. doi:10.1007/s11027-012-9425-z
Dargusch, Paul and Smith, Carl (2012) Mainstreaming systems science. Science, 337 6095: 645-646. doi:10.1126/science.337.6095.645
Dargusch, Paul and Thomas, Sebastian (2012) A critical role for carbon offsets. Nature Climate Change, 2 8: 470-470. doi:10.1038/nclimate1578
Herbohn, Kathleen, Dargusch, Paul and Herbohn, John (2012) Climate change policy in Australia: Organisational responses and influences. Australian Accounting Review, 22 2: 208-222. doi:10.1111/j.1835-2561.2012.00171.x
Law, Elizabeth A., Thomas, Sebastian, Meijaard, Erik, Dargusch, Paul J. and Wilson, Kerrie A (2012) A modular framework for management of complexity in international forest-carbon policy. Nature Climate Change, 2 3: 155-160. doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE1376
Molyneux, Lynette, Dargusch, Paul and Safa, Mohammad (2011) Corporate organizational change in a carbon-constrained world: the case of the West Arnhem Land Fire Abatement Project in the tropical savannas of Australia. International Journal of Business and Management Science, 4 2: 176-190.
Dargusch, Paul and Harrison, Steve (2011) Foreword for the special issue on carbon markets in small-scale forestry. Small-scale Forestry, 10 3: 271-272. doi:10.1007/s11842-010-9146-7
Thomas, Sebastian, Dargusch, Paul and Griffiths, Andrew (2011) The drivers and outcomes of the clean development mechanism in China. Environmental Policy and Governance, 21 4: 223-2297. doi:10.1002/eet.576
Dargusch, Paul and Thomas, Sebastian (2011) Engaging in the carbon markets: The Libya case. Journal of Political Ecology, 18 1: 25-37.
Dargusch, Paul, McMahon, Shaun, Thomas, Sebastian and Collins, Ray (2011) Why are there so few carbon offset projects in Pacific Island countries?. Annals of Tropical Research, 33 1: 101-121.
Medrilzam and Dargusch, Paul (2011) Definition of forest-related terms for REDD+: An unresolved issue. Annals of Tropical Research, 33 1: 19-30.
Medrilzam, Dargusch, Paul and Herbohn, John (2011) Will Indonesia be successful in reducing its greenhouse gas emissions with REDD+? The threat of organizational fragmentation. Annals of Tropical Research, 33 1: 67-85.
Smith, Leonard, Dargusch, Paul and Thomas, Sebastian (2011) The economic drivers and environmental outcomes of CDM project development in Vietnam. Annals of Tropical Research, 33 1: 121-134.
Rochecouste, John and Dargusch, Paul (2011) Opportunities to produce carbon offsets using conservation farming practices. Annals of Tropical Research, 33 1: 85-100.
Dargusch, P., Harrison, S. and Thomas, S. (2010) Opportunities for small-scale forestry in carbon markets. Small-scale Forestry, 9 4: 397-408. doi:10.1007/s11842-010-9142-y
Dargusch, P, Lawrence, K, Herbohn, J and Medrilzam (2010) A small-scale forestry perspective on constraints to including REDD in international carbon markets. Small-Scale Forestry, 9 4: 485-499. doi:10.1007/s11842-010-9141-z
McAlpine, C.A., Ryan, J.G., Seabrook, L., Thomas, S., Dargusch, P. J., Syktus, J.I., Pielke, R.A. Sr., Etter, A.E., Fearnside, P.M. and Laurance, W.F. (2010) More than CO2: a broader paradigm for managing climate change and variability to avoid ecosystem collapse. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2 5-6: 334-346. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2010.10.001
Martello, R., Dargusch, P. and Medrilzam (2010) A systems analysis of factors affecting leakage in reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation projects in tropical forests in developing nations. Small-Scale Forestry, 9 4: 501-516. doi:10.1007/s11842-010-9140-0
Thomas, Sebastian, Dargusch, Paul, Harrison, Steve and Herbohn, John (2010) Why are there so few afforestation and reforestation Clean Development Mechanism projects?. Land Use Policy, 27 3: 880-887. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.12.002
Dargusch, P., Maraseni, T. N. and Schmidt, P. (2010) A review of research on forest-related environmental markets (including certification schemes, bioenergy, carbon markets and other ecosystem services). CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, 5 4: 22-1-22-12. doi:10.1079/PAVSNNR20105022
Dargusch, Paul (2010) Classifying public benefit in Australian agricultural research. Australasian Agribusiness Review, 18 3-30-3-42.
Mercado, Agustin Jnr, Dargusch, Paul and Gregorio, Nestor (2010) Insights from the farm forestry tree seedling nursery sector in Western Java, Indonesia. Annals of Tropical Research, 32 2: 35-50.
Dargusch, P. (2010) Is all carbon created equal? A study of the comparative value of different forms of planted forest-related greenhouse gas emissions offsets. The International Forestry Review, 12 5: 257-257.
Dargusch, Paul and Ward, Adrian (2010) Understanding corporate social responsibility with the integration of supply chain management in outdoor apparel manufacturers in North America and Australia. International Journal of Business and Management Science, 3 1: 93-105.
Dargusch, P., Harrison, S. and Herbohn, J. (2010) How carbon markets have influenced change in the Australian forest industries. Australian Forestry, 73 3: 165-170. doi:10.1080/00049158.2010.10676322
Dargusch, P. and Griffiths, A. (2008) Introduction to special issue: A typology of environmental markets. Australasian Journal of Environmental Management, 15 2: 70-75.
Dargusch, Paul (2008) Understandings of sustainable corporate governance by Australian managed investment schemes and some implications for small-scale forestry in Australia. Small Scale Forestry, 7 1: 67-75. doi:10.1007/s11842-008-9041-7
Maraseni, T. and Dargusch, P. (2008) Expanding woodland regeneration on marginal Southern Queensland pastures using market-based instruments: A landowners' perspective. Australasian Journal of Environmental Management, 15 2: 104-113.
Conference Papers
Nguyen, Hong Nga, Beeton, Robert J. S. and Dargusch, Paul (2012). Adaptation under chaos: small and medium sized enterprises in developing economies – a review and critique. In: The 9th SMEs in Global Economy Conference 2012. Rising to the Global Challenge: Entrepreneurship and SMEs Development in Asia. The 9th SMEs in Global Economy Conference 2012 Vientiane, Vientiane, Lao, (). 8-11 November 2012.
Dargusch, P., Harrison, S. and Herbohn, J. (2010). How carbon markets have influenced change in the Australian forest industries. In: 24th IFA National Conference on Australian Forestry. 24th Institute of Foresters of Australia (IFA) National Conference on Australian Forestry: A Climate of Change, Caloundra, Australia, (165-170). 6-10 September 2009.
Mercado, Agustin Jr, Dargusch, Paul and Gregorio, Nestor (2010). Insights from the farm forestry tree seedling nursery sector in Western Java, Indonesia. In: Stephen R. Harrison, Annerine Bosch, Nestor Onting Gregorio and John L. Herbohn, Proceedings from the Mid-term Workshop (ASEM/2006/091). Improving the Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Philippines Tree Nursery Sector, Visayas State University, Baybay, Leyte, the Philippines, (21-25). 13 February 2009.
Thomas, Sebastian, Herbohn, John L. and Dargusch, Paul (2010). Opportunities for Philippine small-scale forestry in carbon markets: Initial notes. In: Stephen R. Harrison, Annerine Bosch, Nestor Onting Gregorio and John L. Herbohn, Proceedings of End-of-Project Workshop: ASEM/2006/091 Enhancing Tree seedling Supply via Economic and Policy Changes in the Philippines Nursery Sector. End-of-Project Workshop: ASEM/2006/091 Enhancing Tree seedling Supply via Economic and Policy Changes in the Philippines Nursery Sector, Leyte, Philippines, (153-161). 19-20 June 2010.
Dargusch, P. and Herbohn, J. L. (2009). Carbon markets and small-scale forestry in the Philippines. In: S. R. Harrison, A. Bosch, J. L. Herbohn and E. Mangaoang, Proceedings from the End-of-Project Workshop Held in Ormoc City, the Philippines. ACIAR Smallholder Forestry Project, ASEM/2003/052, Improving Financial Returns to Smallholder Tree Farmers in the Philippines, End-of-Project Workshop, Sabin Resort Hotel, Ormoc City, Leyte, (233-240). 11-12 February 2009.
Dargusch, Paul and Herbohn, John (2009). A review of the constraints to small-scale forest holders engaging in carbon markets. In: Kate Piatek, Ben Spong, Steve Harrison and Dave McGill, Proceedings of the 2009 IUFRO 3.08 Small-Scale Forestry Symposium: Forest beyond the trees: New possibilities and expectations for products and services from small-scale forestry. 2009 IUFRO 3.08 Small-Scale Forestry Symposium, Morgantown, WV, U.S.A., (334-334). 7-11 June 2009.
Herbohn, John, Harrison, Steve, Gregorio, Nestor, Smith, Carl, Vanclay, Jerry and Dargusch, Paul (2008). A systems approach to understanding linkages between national level policies, local action and the use of traditional knowledge to improve tree seedling production for smallholder and community forestry in the Philippines. In: Gerrard Buttoud, Small-scale Rural Forest Use and Management: Global Policies versus Local Knowledge p Pre-conference Proceedings, IUFRO International Symposium, Pre-conference Proceedings. Small-scale Rural Forest Use and Management: Global Policies versus Local Knowledge, Gérardmer, France, (97-104). 23-27 June 2008.
Paul Dargusch (2007). Understandings of sustainable corporate governance by Australian managed investment schemes and some implications for small-scale forestry in Australia. In: Steve Harrison, Annerine Bosch and John Herbohn, Improving the Triple Bottom Line Returns from Small-scale Forestry, Proceedings from an International Conference. Improving the Triple Bottom Line Returns from Small-scale Forestry, Ormoc, the Philippines, (99-105). 8 - 21 June 2007.
Dargusch, P. J. (2002). Export strategies for the Australian forest products industry. In: A. Pinnington, 4th Annual RHD Student Colloquium - Abstracts. 2002 Research Student Colloquium, Riverglenn Conference Centre, Indooroopilly, (15-15). 1 June, 2002.
Dargusch, P. (2001). Opportunities, challenges and trade strategies for Australian forest products industries. In: G. Lafferty and D. Williams, Third Annual Research Colloquium - Abstracts. Third Annual Research Colloquium, Indooroopilly,Qld, Australia, (7-7). 2 June, 2001.
Department Technical Report
Herbohn, K.F., Dargusch, P. and Herbohn, J.L. (2010) Accounting for and reporting of carbon: Opportunities lost or a brave new future?. Research Report for 2009 Research Grant, , National Institute of Accountants.
Thesis
Paul Dargusch (2009). The Influence of Environmentalism on the Export Performance of Export Ventures Exporting Hardwood Woodchips from Australia to Japan PhD Thesis, School of Business, The University of Queensland.
Research Report
Herbohn, J. L., Harrison, S. R., Gregorio, N., Vanclay, J., Smith, C. S., Dargusch, P., Mangaoang, E. and Mercado, J. (2008) ACIAR smallholder forestry and tree nursery research: Briefing document introduction to the ACIAR smallholder forestry research projects Manila, the Philippines, 5 September 2008 Gatton, Qld, Australia: University of Queensland